해커스 GRE 버벌 송종옥 선생님의 특급 자료

French painter Édouard Manet' s 1863 painting Le Bain sparked controversy in part for its depiction of figures in contemporary dress. Though as long ago as 1824 the novelist Stendhal had urged artists to depict "the men of today and not those who probably never existed," serious paintings of modern-day Parisians were still relatively rare; the foremost painter of Manet' s era, Ernest Meissonier, was celebrated for his idyllic scenes of the past. Manet' s teacher Thomas Couture had achieved renown for his historical tableau of Roman times, The Romans of the Decadence, and he required his students to copy the works of old masters. However, he also urged his students to take as the subjects of their own paintings contemporary sights such as workmen, public holidays, and examples of modern technology. Manet may have seemed an unlikely convert to the cause, with the inspiration for his early paintings coming mostly from old masters he had sketched in the Louvre and the Uffizi. Still, Manet had begun paying heed to the advice of his teacher with canvases such as The Absinthe Drinker (1858) and The Old Musician (1862). He continued this trend in Le Bain, even if he appropriated his figures' poses directly from a 1518 Raphael drawing.

Since the 1970s, there has been a movement in African literary studies toward the recognition of national literatures in newly independent African states, such as Cameroon, Senegal, and Benin. But while in some of these national literatures there has undoubtedly emerged a sense of corporate identity, often marked by clear thematic and formal progressions, it remains an incontrovertible fact that the European languages in which these literatures are expressed have only an official acceptance: they are neither indigenous to the cultures on which they have been imposed nor are they national in any real sense of the word. This must limit the claims of any of these literatures to national significance, however abundant the corpus or coherent the internal configuration.

In 1961, Julia Child published Mastering the Art of French Cooking, frequently described as revolutionary. According to legend, Child inspired Americans to exchange their bland cooking for French cuisine’s rich flavors. Yet Child’s book was hardly singular among cookbooks. One publishing catalog lists almost as many books about French cooking in the decade before Child’s book as in the decade after. While Child’s book influenced a particular American cohort, its effect on the American publishing industry was minimal, a fact at odds with popular assumptions both about publishers and about Child’s importance. We might expect Child’s success to foster many imitations. Instead, American cookbooks pursued themes popular before Child’s book was published, including a growing interest in the American cooking styles allegedly vanquished by Child.

For South Korea’ s Gyeongbu highway to be a symbol of industrialization and modernization, the view from the road mattered. Before the highway opened, farming villages were compelled to replace traditional grass roofs with modern-looking tiled roofs-at least on the side facing the highway. Farmers were encouraged to harvest their barley and plant rice, to furnish verdant scenery. The desire to create magnificent scenery may have affected the design of the highway itself. One journalist guessed that, despite the general principle that a highway should follow the shortest path, it had been designed to detour through an area with access to Gyeongju, a historic capital and tourist destination, and a distant view of Ulsan, a rising industrial city.

Nisei is a Japanese - language term for the children born to Japanese immigrants outside of Japan

During the 1930s, Nisei authors in the United States published hundreds of stories and essays in English. This explosion of creative writing, almost unique among contemporary second-generation ethnic groups, developed partly in response to cultural influences absorbed from their lssei (immigrant) parents. As a result of policies of universal primary education in Meiji-era Japan, virtually all Japanese of both sexes were literate in their native language. From the dawn of Japanese settlement in the United States, the lssei continued to produce vernacular newspapers and magazines, and individuals - especially women - remained active in producing poetry as well as diaries and letters. Even if the largest part of lssei output was in Japanese and thus little read by the Nisei, who generally lacked Japanese reading skills (not to mention sufficient interest), the existence of a literate community among their parents nevertheless provided the young generation an immediate and clear model.

A related element of importance in the outpouring of literature was the existence of high-quality free public education in West Coast states such as California and Washington that had sizable Nisei populations. As part of their high school coursework, students took English and journalism classes and were thereby exposed to Western literature. High school and university newspapers and literary volumes in turn provided outlets for stories and poems by Nisei writers. Indeed, a significant fraction of the contributors to the prewar Nisei press (and of Nisei generally) were college-educated.

In the book China Men (1980), Maxine Hong Kingston tells of Chinese Americans establishing identities in the United States. She acknowledges the importance of ethnicity (the national origins of one’s ancestors or one’s self), yet also the importance of geographical location aside from one’s “homeland” and interactions with other cultures in identity formation. These latter ideas suggest similarity between Kingston and “border identity” theorists. These theorists challenge the arbitrariness of ethnic identities based on national boundaries, claiming that individual identity is influenced by the various cultures with which one interacts, especially in a mobile global society. Moreover, such theorists argue that identity requires redefinition either in terms of multiple nationalities or in terms of geographic units different from nations, such as cities. Yet, redefining what it means to be an “American” without abandoning the term itself, Kingston distances herself from some border theorists. While recognizing multiple identities, she also counters border theorists’ emphasis on mobility and disconnection from specific countries by emphasizing the importance of a sense of belonging for people occupying a land with others. Even so, to belong to America in Kingston’s world is not to have a set identity, but rather to have the opportunity to reconstruct identity through group interactions.

A person who, after drinking alcoholic beverages, is too intoxicated to drive safely will fail certain tests of manual dexterity. Therefore, if all automobiles were equipped with devices that test manual dexterity and prevent those people who fail the tests from starting their cars, there would be significantly fewer automobile accidents caused by driver intoxication.

The only physical evidence that the Norse reached North America around A.D. 1000 are the ruins of a single Norse settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. It is clear. however, that the Norse must at least have explored much farther south: found among remnants left by the Norse at the settlement site were nuts from the butternut tree, a North American tree that grew no farther north than several hundred miles south of L’Anse aux Meadows.

The large merchants who dominated long-distance trade in the Spanish empire for the better part of three centuries have been traditionally depicted by historians as a privileged group that used its political and financial clout to protect its interests while engaging in uncompetitive economic practices, largely to the detriment of Spain and its colonies. This image suggested specifically that the colonial commercial system was irrationally organized, choked Spain’s economic progress, and generated unwarranted monopoly rents [profits], all for the benefit of the privileged traders of the merchant guilds. None of these conclusions are wholly incorrect, but they largely fail to appreciate the unpredictable environment in which these traders engaged. Without having adequately reflected on the role of risk in oceanic commerce, historians have tended to paint an overly one-dimensional portrait of the large merchants and their commercial practices. Long-distance traders responded to conditions of poor information, tremendous uncertainty, and endemic risk by adopting defensive strategies and embracing risk-reducing institutions. Avoiding risk, however, neither meant that the Spanish merchants lacked entrepreneurial spirit nor that they were somehow the precapitalist rentiers that historians sometimes imply. To the contrary, no merchant could operate in the highly risky Atlantic world trade without constantly anticipating and taking active measures to avoid catastrophe.