해커스 GRE 버벌 송종옥 선생님의 특급 자료

Pharmaceutical Developer: Until recently certain bacteria were considered too dangerous for use in vaccines. However, without a particular gene, these bacteria are harmless, and we can now remove the gene from these bacteria. Therefore, vaccines containing these bacteria can now be used safely. Scientist: Actually, the safety of such vaccines remains doubtful. Genes often migrate from one strain of bacteria to another, and other strains of bacteria in the human body contain the harmful gene.

American and British critics who wrote enthusiastic reviews of west African writer Amos Tutuola’s 1952 book The Palm-Wine Drinkard typically dwelt less on his rhetorical skills and more on the text as an exemplar of naïve art. While these metropolitan critics were enchanted by the book, the initial literary reception in west Africa was by contrast highly critical. Concerned to avoid stereotyping, critics there objected to what they saw as very poor writing and expressed dismay at the uncritical promotion of the book. Many protested against what they saw as a metropolitan celebration of exoticism. For example, Adeagbo Akinjogbin attributed the novel’s success in the West to ignorance and a desire to believe “all sorts of fantastic tales about Africa.”

To ensure the quality of Carverville’s municipal water supply, the city government proposes building a filtration plant that will purify water drawn from the city’s reservoir. Yet after leaving the filtration plant and before reaching consumers, the water would still have to pass through old, deteriorating pipes that contain numerous contaminants that leach into the water. For this reason, it is unlikely that ____________.

In the late 1920s, the noted writer Lu Xun, who was also the primary figure behind the modern Chinese woodcut movement, began to introduce modern Western woodcuts into China. Lu Xun believed that Western artists’ emphasis on linearity and sharp black-and-white contrasts gave their art a distinctly serious quality, very different from the largely decorative nature of the traditional, richly colored Chinese woodcut. But he also believed that the most important ingredient in the Western woodcut was its close link to the broader society, an element missing in the Chinese woodcut tradition. It is true that Lu Xun was deeply impressed by the Western artists” techniques, which enabled them to evoke human emotions through gestures and facial expressions, but his decision to introduce their works was prompted more by his admiration of the works’ role in the struggle for social and political justice than by his interest in technique and craftsmanship. Lu Xun realized that woodcuts could do more than evoke emotions; they could be used as an educational tool to reshape public consciousness.

In seventeenth-century Venice, the invention of the opera house as a public institution altered the relationship of the audience to the operatic performance on the stage and to each other. The stage performance was now separated from the audience both by the proscenium arch, which framed the action, and by the orchestra. The occupants of the boxes faced one another across the auditorium as well as the stage. Seeing and being seen was as much a function of the opera house as seeing and hearing what took place on the stage. American visitors to ltaly were routinely shocked at the casual ways of the boxholders and at the little attention they seemed to pay to the opera. There was incessant talk in the boxes, banging of doors, a restless to-and-fro.

Public display was only half the story. The public nature of Venice’ s social life was balanced by a passion for disguise. Much of its political activity was conducted in secrecy. Masks were usually worn during carnival, attracting the crowned heads of Europe, who could play there incognito. The Venetian opera box was the equivalent of the mask. With its door shut, with shutters pulled across the front, the box became a place of privacy, an association that still exists in our time.

The importance of the relatively docile eland (antelope) in the diet of Middle Stone Age (MSA) people contrasted with the increased importance of aggressive wild pigs to Late Stone Age (LSA) people has been interpreted as an indication that MSA hunters were less proficient than LSA hunters. This has been used to support the view that neurological changes dramatically increased the behavioral sophistication of anatomically modern humans. However, alternative hypotheses have not been sufficiently examined to warrant this interpretation. The possibility that economic motives drove prey selection must first be excluded. Since eland are very large but less dangerous to hunt than wild pigs, it is likely that they would be a favored prey animal whether or not hunting strategies were sophisticated enough to tackle more aggressive prey.

The large amount of methane in the atmosphere of Saturn’s giant moon Titan puzzles astronomers. Because methane is converted into heavier hydrocarbons by the Sun’s ultraviolet light, all the methane in Titan’s atmosphere should, at the present conversion rate, have disappeared in a few million years, long ago in Titan’s 4.5 billion years of existence. Something must be continuously feeding methane into Titan’s atmosphere. One possibility is that the methane comes from volcanic eruptions, but unless the supply rate were somehow precisely calibrated at a moderate level, either the methane would have run out by now or excess methane would have started to accumulate as a liquid ocean on the Surface. However, data indicate that the atmosphere just above the surface is not humid, as would be expected above a pure methane ocean. A possible explanation was suggested by Lunine: when sunlight breaks down methane, the main product is ethane. Lunine noted that at Titan’s surface temperature, ethane is also a liquid. A liquid mixture of methane and ethane would produce low Humidity. Such an ocean would slowly become richer in ethane while keeping the atmosphere supplied with methane.

The source of vitamin C in the traditional Inuit diet was long a mystery. Most animals can synthesize vitamin C in their livers, but humans are among the exceptions. If humans do not ingest enough vitamin C the result is scurvy, a potentially fatal connective-tissue disease. Most Americans today get ample supplies from orange juice, citrus fruits, and fresh vegetables. But getting enough vitamin C from a ship’s provisions was especially tricky for explorers voyaging to the Inuit’ s native polar regions, and scurvy plagued European and United States expeditions there even in the twentieth century. However, Arctic peoples were free of the disease, even in the long winter, when they subsisted entirely on meat and fish they caught, often eaten raw.

When aspirin relieves pain, it does so partly by blocking the body’s output of prostaglandins. chemicals that can produce inflammation and pain in the joints. Unfortunately, prostaglandins also produce a coating that protects the stomach from stomach acid, so taking aspirin can cause stomach upset. A recently developed medication promises to relieve pain without blocking prostaglandin production. Therefore, if this promise is fulfilled, the new medication will relieve pain without causing stomach upset.

Stress is a contributing factor in many illnesses, and for many people much of the stress in their lives is job-Related. Purposeful leisure-time activities, as distinct from leisure time spent idly, are good ways of taking one’ s mind off one’s job. Clearly, therefore, people who are under much job-related stress can get some measure of protection from stress-induced illness if they engage in purposeful leisure-time activities.